5 Types of Wireless Technology For The IoT

Various types of wireless technology and networks allow devices to speak (send data) to each other and to the web (TCP/IP Networks) without cables. There are a number of different wireless technologies out there that can be implemented in hardware products for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communication type of wireless technology.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has seven task groups in place for 802.15 technologies. Those groups set the standards for common types of wireless technologies used for personal area networks. Those 802.15 task groups include: WPAN/Bluetooth, Coexistence, High Rate WPAN, Low Rate WPAN,  mesh Networking, Body Area Networks, and Visible Light Communication. Each IEEE protocol has its own distinctive advantages and limitations. Promising developments expand their potential applications and uses.

IEEE 802.15.4: What is ZigBee?

A wireless technology currently gaining traction in the LPWAN group, ZigBee is an open global standard and is designed specifically to be used in M2M networks. The technology is inexpensive to run and doesn’t require a lot of power, making it an ideal solution for many industrial applications. The technology has a low latency, and a low duty cycle, allowing products to maximize battery life.

The ZigBee protocol offers 128-bit AES encryption. The technology is also used in.

Mesh networks, which allow nodes to be connected together through multiple pathways. The wireless technology is hoped to ultimately be implemented in things like smart home devices. The technology's ability to connect multiple devices together simultaneously makes it ideal for a connected home environment where users may want things like smart locks, lights, robots and thermostats to talk to one another. The ZigBee Alliance recently standardized the technology in the hope to make that connectivity possible. Currently all ZigBee devices are not capable of talking to all other ZigBee devices. The hope is that standardization will correct that issue and that the devices will offer a uniform experience for the end user.

At Link Labs, many of our customers are former ZigBee users, but found that range and performance limited their applications.

IEEE 802.11: WiFi

WiFi uses radio waves (RF) to allow two devices to communicate with one another. The technology is most commonly used to connect Internet routers to devices like computers, tablets and phones; however, it can be used to connect together any two hardware components. WiFi is a local wireless network that runs of the 802.11 standards set forth by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

WiFi can utilize both the global 2.4GHz UHF and 5GHz SHF ISM radio bands. The WiFi Alliance certifies some products, allowing them to be labeled as “Wi-Fi Certified.” In order to receive that designation, and product must go through the Alliance’s interoperability certification testing.

802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n run on the 2.4GHz ISM band. The band is susceptible to interference from some Bluetooth devices as well as some microwave ovens and cordless phones. Devices that run on either band can be operated in the United States without a license from the FCC, but still require FCC part 15 certification. The first six channels of frequencies from each are considered part of the amateur radio band.

SEE ALSO: Examining The Future Of WiFi: 802.11ah, 802.11ad (& Others)

IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth and BLE

Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are wireless technologies used to transfer data over short distances. The technology is frequently used in small consider devices that connect to users phones and tablets. For instance, the technology is used in many speaker systems. Bluetooth Low Energy uses less power than standard Bluetooth and is used in hardware such as fitness trackers, smart watches and other connected devices in order to wirelessly transmit data without heavily compromising the battery power in a user’s phone.

BLE has only recently started to pick up steam. The technology was initially introduced by smartphone maker Nokia in 2006, but didn’t become part of Bluetooth standard until 2010. Today, BLE, which is also referred to as Bluetooth Smart, is supported by the majority of smartphone and computer makers as well as most major operating systems including Windows 8, OS X, Linux, Windows Phone, Android and iOS.

Bluetooth uses UHF radio waves for data transfer. The technology was originally standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the IEEE no longer maintains that specific standard. Companies that work with Bluetooth are often affiliated with the Bluetooth Special Interest group (SIG). The group currently has over 20,000 members, and must certify a product before it can be marketed as a Bluetooth device to the consumer or business market. That certification helps ensure that all Bluetooth devices work in a standardized way and provide a similar experience for consumers.

IEEE 802.16: WiMax

WiMax stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. This wireless technology allows data to be transferred at a rate of 30-40 megabits per second. The term refers specifically to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 wireless family. The technology was once used by several mobile carriers, notably Sprint, to deliver wireless data to its customers. Sprint, along with many of the other carriers who used the technology, has since switched over to using faster LTE 4G networks for data.

The WiMax Forum certifies devices before they can be sold to consumer or businesses. The technology can be used both indoors and outdoors, however, WiMax devices typically produce a better signal when used outside or by a window.

Link Labs builds a new type of wireless technology, called Symphony Link. Symphony Link solves many of the range and performance issues of the technologies listed above.

Computer networks components and operation

The networks have greatly facilitated the work in offices and homes. Many people simply hire their Internet + Router connection, install it and start surfing the net with complete freedom. However, many times we do not know the basics and operation of computer networks.

After a while, someone realizes that he has miscalculated and does not have enough bandwidth for the number of devices he wants to work with. Or you are browsing with a wireless network at a low speed, when with structured cable you could surf the Internet much faster.

To understand some of the connection problems that we can sometimes encounter, it is necessary to understand some more things about computer networks. What is produced when installing a computer network? What are the components of computer networks and how do they work? We explain it to you in a simple way.

Components of a computer network: how they work

A network is a set of computers, computers or interconnected devices that allows information and resources to be exchanged from one to another, such as printers, hard drives, etc. Wifi networks that we all know are computer networks, but without cables. They can be twisted pair cable, UTP, optimal fiber, wireless communication or other means how networks work.

In any case, the components that we find so that a computer network can be created are the following:

Transmitter:  creates a signal or request from the computer.

Encoder: encodes the signal to be transmitted through the cable. It can be a network card, which is incorporated into computers, and is responsible for converting the sent request into a format (bits) that can be transmitted. For this, a protocol, such as TCP / IP, is used. In addition, the network cards have a MAC (Media Access Control) address, which allows them to be clearly identified, so that the information reaches the appropriate receiver.

Line:  in the wired networks the transmission means will be the network cables, while in the wireless the radiofrequency or infrared waves. They carry the information received to the address of the device that has been indicated through the interface.

Decoder:  the device with which information or resources will be shared also has its own system to convert electrical signals into  types of casino bonuses data that can be processed by the computer. They are network adapters, or PCI. These are integrated in the motherboard and can operate at different speeds.

Receiver:  is the device that receives the signal transmitted by the transmitter converted into data that can be processed by the computer.

Although these are the basic elements, many networks do not directly connect the computer equipment to each other, but instead connect to a router, a switch or a network bridge , which are the ones that receive and send the signals to their respective receivers.

Computer networks have not always been optimally installed for the purposes desired by the user. If this is the case, it is convenient to make a study of the needs and go to a computer technician who is responsible for conducting the review.

Do you have a computer network installed in your home or office?

Work and salary of a mechanical engineer

The work of a mechanical engineer is one of the most scarce in relation to specialists in the labor market. Despite the supply and demand ratios, as a rule, four to five resumes per position, it is very difficult for employers to find an experienced mechanical engineer.

In today's situation, employers are also partly to blame, who shift to a engineer a large number of tasks that would seem unusual for a specialist (drawing up contracts with suppliers, accounting and control over the operation of equipment). As a result, a specialist when applying for a job is distinguished by unusual knowledge and is often unskilled in those aspects of work that he should know first.

Another reason is that most students after graduation go to completely different specialties, to other areas of activity. According to statistics, only 30% of students work in the specialty that they graduated from.

The salary of a mechanical engineer

mechanical engineer starting salary The candidate for the position of an engineer must have a higher education, understand the specifics of products and services. In this situation, the average salary of a mechanical engineer is from forty to sixty thousand rubles, which he can apply for with at least two years of experience. Not surprisingly, the number of applicants increased by twenty-three percent.

On average, the salary of a mechanical engineer is forty-seven thousand rubles. Young specialists who are graduates of technical faculties must have good technical and practical knowledge in the field of mechanics, know the norms and rules for the development of technical documents. The initial salary of a mechanical engineer who has just got a job is from twenty to forty thousand rubles. Mechanical engineers with more than a year of work experience can expect higher earnings. As a rule, employers prefer specialists who have sufficient knowledge of English to read those. documentation, sometimes knowledge of electrical engineering and electronics is required. The salary of a mechanical engineer in this category is from forty thousand rubles.

A mechanical engineer with more than two years of experience, who has the skills to diagnose and repair industrial equipment, has experience working with a certain type of equipment, earns from fifty-seven thousand rubles.

A mechanical engineer, whose work experience is more than three years with the skills to repair complex industrial equipment, allows you to claim the maximum income, which is ninety-five thousand rubles.

The work of a mechanical engineer

One of the main duties of a mechanical engineer is to ensure continuous operation of the equipment. Also, the work of a mechanical engineer is to carry out installation and commissioning. Mechanical engineer carries out control, diagnostics and technical inspection of equipment. In case of defects, repairs and maintenance, timely return to operation and equipment modernization. It monitors the acquisition of materials and the preparation of applications for spare parts for equipment repair.

A mechanical engineer is engaged in the design, construction of technical equipment of various production, providing production tasks and the conditions for their implementation, the organization of jobs.

Engineers of this specialty take part in the preparation of proposals for planning and accounting for the recruitment of personnel for jobs. They take part in the adjustment work on introducing new equipment into production, accept new equipment, and the one that came out after the repair.

Also, the work of a mechanical engineer is to develop and implement, replace low-efficiency equipment with higher-performance equipment, and reduce unscheduled repairs and equipment that is not currently in operation. Reducing the cost of its maintenance through the use of more advanced methods of repair and restoration of the performance of parts is also the work of a mechanical engineer.

The mechanical engineer bears great responsibility for the work done, because it is his responsibility to monitor the serviceability of all equipment in production, which is extremely difficult. One wrong step, one small oversight can lead to emergency consequences. Therefore, when choosing this kind of specialty, you should first think about whether you are ready to take responsibility for problems that can lie on your shoulders, how much you understand this profession.

What is the average salary of a civil engineer

Civil engineering designs and builds public works such as dams, bridges and other large infrastructure projects. It is one of the oldest branches of engineering, which was born when people began to live in permanent settlements and needed to transform their environments to meet their needs.

Civil engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate and maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges and water supply systems and wastewater treatment.

Many civil engineers work in planning, design, construction, research and education.

Because of its usefulness for the development of a country, how much does a civil engineer earn ?

According to Pay Scale data, in the United Kingdom the average annual engineering salary  of a recent graduate is around $ 24,736 pounds, more than $ 597,647 thousand pesos, that is, a monthly salary of $ 49,803 pesos.

This salary is increasing as time goes by, in addition to employers providing additional benefits such as pension, medical expenses insurance, life insurance, service car and mobile phone.

The average work week is 42 hours and sometimes you may have to work long hours and weekends.

In the United States, the national average is around $ 55,959 dollars, the equivalent of $ 1,096,925.67 pesos per year for engineers who are just starting to work.

With more experience the average salary reaches $ 84,125, or $ 1,645,670 pesos.

Civil engineers in Mexico, according to this same page, earn an average of $ 13,500.

The Mexican Institute of Competitiveness (IMCO), for its part, reports that civil engineers are ranked number 8 of the 10 best paid in Mexico: $ 12,858 pesos per month.

It is estimated that there are a total of $ 269,896 civil engineers, so it ranks 15th with the largest number of people in Mexico.


According to Forbes magazine, engineering, in general, are the highest paid professions in Mexico.

In the case of a Construction Project Manager, with skills such as coordination, management, execution and administration of infrastructure projects, budget management and responsible for coordinating departments involved in quality, time and costs, the salary ranges from $ 92,300 to $ 227,000 pesos per month.

As you will see, the difference between one salary and another is abysmal. This is due to the level of specialization that companies require today.

Traditionally, in addition to studying a career, other skills are needed, such as being bilingual, working as a team, knowing how to use specialized computer programs.

In addition, according to Forbes, companies are looking for leaders with the following characteristics:

“Professionals with specialties complementary to their branch (example: finance, business, e-commerce), whether national or abroad, two or three languages, mobility, empathy , push. "

And according to the business:

"Knowledge of international safety, quality and technical standards"
"Familiarization with the technology or computer programs managed by the organization."

Until the first quarter of 2018, according to IMCO data, the best paid career is Medicine, with $ 17,449 pesos, followed by Electronics and Automation, with $ 15,109 pesos.

best paid engineers

Any individual who needs to bring in cash as a designer is savvy to pick mechanical financial aspects. Training frequently prompts administrative employments - and afterward comes the enormous compensation rise.

Modern financial matters has consistently been frequently called the administration line, with initiative and hierarchical improvement as a component of instruction. There will be more than each fourth supervisor here. It drives up the normal pay, SEK 65,000 per month.

With that, they lead the beneficial in the Swedish Engineers' crisp measurements. It ought to be viewed as a harsh measure, a cut that doesn't consider age, industry or administrative level.

Designers place levels of popularity on themselves, in any event, when entering their first administrative activity. At that point they figure they ought to be acceptable both as specialists and as administrators.

- It's a test that numerous individuals like and are driven by. Be that as it may, it is intense and requesting also, and it ought to be painstakingly considered by the individuals who acknowledge yes to their first administrative activity, says Natasha Kavalic, liable for boss assistance at Sweden's Engineers.

The ongoing compensation insights show that it is exactly at the main administrative activity that the greatest increase in salary happens.

- Many individuals believe that I have no understanding. Simultaneously, you have picked up the certainty to lead and you ought to carry that into the compensation arrangements. Set out to rise. A great many people despite everything take in under they could do, particularly ladies, sadly.

Each fifth expert part is an administrator and the chiefs are acceptable at evolving employments, 19 percent did a year ago. That is the thing that Swedish Engineers like.

- It advances abilities improvement, says Natasha Kavalic.

The portable designing chiefs likewise expanded their compensation by nine percent contrasted with four percent for the individuals who didn't move best paid engineers.

Pay follows budgetary obligation

19 percent of Sweden's Engineers' roughly 139,000 individuals are supervisors. Of these, 23 percent are ladies.

86 percent of supervisors work in the private part, which has a higher pay circumstance and more noteworthy compensation dispersion than the state and metropolitan specialists.

Half of the chiefs have the position unit head/first line supervisor with normal compensation of SEK 53,000 in the private division.

The more noteworthy the spending duty, the higher the compensation. The measure of representatives doesn't have a similar impact on compensation.

what types of engineers make the most money

If you ask a child what he wants to be when he grows up, he will probably tell you which teacher, doctor or journalist. However, others do not have their future so clear. And there are a lot of options that nobody informs us at school and that most university students do not even know they exist 

In addition, they are very interesting professions and, most of them, well paid what types of engineers make the most money.

1- Surveyor Engineer

Surveying is a discipline that deals with the location, identification, delimitation, measurement, representation and valuation of space and territorial property, whether public or private, urban or rural.

Average annual salary: € 53,700

2- Industrial designer

Industrial design is a fusion of art and engineering . It is a challenging, varied and creative work. If you like architecture and design, but you get the technical part of engineering, this can certainly be a good option.

Average annual salary: € 60,600

3- Dental hygienist

Dental hygienists are healthcare professionals whose main function is to assist and coordinate with the dentist to perform treatments. They perform radiological exams and collect clinical data.

To practice this profession, a two-year Dental Hygiene Technician module must be taken at an accredited Center for Higher Degree Vocational Training.

Average annual salary: € 63,125

4- Technical writer

This profession is open to numerous professions and previous studies, from graduates in fine arts to engineers. If you like technology or you always read all manuals, writing manuals for equipment operation can be your ideal job.

Average annual salary: € 63,671

5- Internal auditor

Today an internal auditor can be an accountant, economist, administrator or industrial engineer. You have to have very solid knowledge regarding accounting, administrative and information technology issues to have an expanded view of the review of controls.It is the right hand of the director and general management and should give recommendations with added value.

Average annual salary: € 65,330

type of engineers and salaries

10 highest paid professions in the United States in 2020

1.- Medical specialists

The medical profession is, once again, the highest paid type of engineers and salaries in the US. However, not all specialties receive the same financial compensation, with the best paying on average being the following:

• Anesthetists: $ 267,020
• Surgeons: $ 255,110
• Oral and maxillofacial surgeons: $ 242,370
• Gynecologists and obstretas: $ 238,320
• Orthodontists: $ 225,760
• Psychiatrists: $ 220,380
• Doctors: $ 196,490
• Prosthodontist: $ 191,400
• Pediatrician: $ 183,240
• Dentist: $ 175,840

Foreign doctors are among the professionals who are most attracted to the idea of ​​working in the United States. However, it is not easy for foreign doctors to revalidate their studies at foreign universities. The process is hard and long but possible.

 However, it is possible to study residence in the United States in order to specialize. A J-1 exchange visa is used for this.

Precisely because the procedures can be complex and take years, many doctors prefer to obtain licenses to work in the US. as nurses as they are also well paid , although less than doctors. 

2.- Nurse anesthetists

They charge, on average, $ 174,790 per year. This is also a profession with excellent financial compensation in which there is a spectacular growth in job offers and to perform it requires the degree of Registered Nurse (RN).

In the United States, there are specialized agencies to hire foreign nurses and nursing is one of the professions listed in the American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that allows Mexican professionals to obtain a TN visa to work temporarily in the US.

3.- Petroleum engineers: $ 156,370

Their salary varies from year to year depending on fluctuations in the price of crude oil and natural gas.

4.- Information Systems Managers: $ 152,860

The IT field is one of the ones that attracts the most foreign workers. Large technology companies are known to sponsor immigrants for both the permanent residence card, known as the green card , or for the H-1B visa .

In addition, Mexicans can opt for several positions in that field through the TN visa .

5.- Podiatrists: $ 148,220

In U.S.A. Podiatrists are not doctors. They can obtain their degree through a Doctor Podiatric Medicine (DPM).

6.- Marketing managers: $ 147,240

Other professions with annual average incomes that exceed $ 130,000 are financial managers, sales managers, lawyers, Natural Science project managers and, finally, benefits and compensation managers, in the Human Resources field.

7.- Financial managers: $ 146,830

8.- Pilots: $ 146,660

9.-Lawyers: $ 144,230

10.-Sales managers: $ 140,320

Among other professions with average annual salaries above $ 100,000 are: business managers, pharmacists, financial advisors, optometrists, actuaries and political scientists.